This
article was first published in www.rediff.com
on June 10, 2014
The idea of
no taxes certainly brought a spark in the eyes of middle class Indians in the last
couple of months as Prime Minister Narendra Modi mulled reforming the tax
system by abolishing direct taxes (income, excise and sales) during his
election campaign. The very prospect of spending the spring doing better things
than worrying about the optimal amount of savings to save income tax is
thrilling. Particularly, after a year of high inflation that put many holes in
the pocket of middle class, the idea of doing away with taxes seems to be a magnificent
idea.
The Bhartiya
Janta Party (BJP) later clarified that they did not mean abolition of direct taxes.
They are really pitching for major reforms in the ‘taxation regime’ in its
current form in India. The statements however have opened up a Pandora’s Box
over the merits and demerits of a no-direct taxes regime for India.
Half of the
Indian government revenues in a year come by way of tax collection. Of this
half, one third comes as corporate taxes and remaining two third by way of indirect
taxes and taxes on personal incomes (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Break up of Tax Revenue to Government of
India (Assessment Year 2013-14)
Source: Income Tax Department, Government of
India
This is a
huge chunk of government revenue. So there has to be a recovery plan for this
forgone revenue. As an alternate to the present taxation system, ‘Banking
Transaction Tax’ (BTT) is being proposed under which a flat percent will be
charged whenever an amount is credited to a bank account. Under this system, it
is argued, the government will generate more revenue than the present taxation
system, the problem of tax evasion and black money will be solved, and an
easier way to collect taxes will be devised.
This
already attracted opposition from within for BJP earlier. Senior party leaders
like Arun Jaitley and Yashwant Sinha had opposed the proposal as it shifts the
tax base to the entire population which has a Bank account. In addition to
middle and high income class, low income class would also be subject to BTT. Also,
the implementation of BTT would essentially mean that all transactions be done electronically.
Let us not forget the level of financial inclusion in India. India has 10
commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and 7.29 ATMs per 100,000 adults. Less
than 60% of total households in India have access to banking services.
Implementing BTT would mean leaving out the balance 40% of the households which
need not necessarily comprise of poor people.
Even if we
take the case of only personal income tax being abolished, it will lead to
giving up 10% of the total government revenue. If no income tax were collected
in the current fiscal year 2013-14, the fiscal deficit will widen from an estimated
figure of 4.8% to 6.9%. This will have to be sourced from somewhere else,
mainly by increasing indirect taxes and excise duty of some goods. Therefore,
the common man is going to pay taxes on way or the other.
Now, let us
also take a look at the countries which do not have taxes. According to a
survey of 114 countries by KPMG in 2012, ten countries didn’t charge any income
tax (does not include corporate income) and indirect tax (Table 1).
Table
1: Countries with no tax on personal income and indirect taxes
Source: CIA World Factbook, Various articles
Most of
these countries belong to the Middle East and are rich in oil and gas
resources, while remaining depend on tourism and international business.
Another common feature of these countries is that most of them have monarchy as
a system of governance. As regard taxes, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bermuda, and Cayman
Islands do not even have taxes for corporate income. While these countries do
not charge tax on personal income of individuals, all of them mandate a social
security tax ranging between 4-9%. Employers are also made to contribute in certain
proportion towards a pension scheme for the employees.
However, none
of these countries is comparable to India. Nine out of these ten countries have
population less than 1% of that of India (Saudi Arabia excluded). Seven of
these countries have land area less than 1% of that of India (Saudi Arabia,
Oman and UAE excluded).
Not only
demographics, but India differs from these countries on major economic
indicators (Figure 2).Due to their smaller population base and rich natural
resources, these countries have per capita GDP which is manifold of that of
India. On the other hand, India, being the fourth largest economy in the world
in terms of GDP and second largest in term of population, has to deal with high
inflation and budget deficit which are at convenient levels in most of these countries.
Figure
2: Economic Indicators of Zero Tax countries and India (2012)
Source: CIA World Factbook
With a
large economy, very low per capita income, high inflation and budget deficit,
India can’t possibly copy the taxation system of these small countries that
rely on natural resources for government revenue and are among richest
countries in the world.
Among these
countries, many are facing problem of sourcing funds already. Qatar was
considering introducing a Value Added Tax system to increase the government
earnings. Kuwait was warned by International Monetary Fund in 2012 for possible
shortage of public finances and had suggested introduction of direct and
indirect taxation system. Bahrain was also facing problems with public finances
in 2012 as increase in wages and public spending during the year had led to
shortage in available funds.
